Chapter 13
22nd Amendment- A president is restricted to only being able to serve 2 terms in the presidency.
Ex: FDR was the one who caused this amendment to get passes due to how he served 4 terms.
Ex: FDR was the one who caused this amendment to get passes due to how he served 4 terms.
25th Amendment- It was passed in 1967, which is basically saying that in case if the president can't no longer hold office whether it's for death, assassination, resigning, or impeachment, the vice president steps in as president.
Ex: When John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Lyndon B. Johnson received the title of the presidency.
Ex: When John F. Kennedy was assassinated, Lyndon B. Johnson received the title of the presidency.
Cabinet-It is a formal body of leaders or department heads who perform as government advisers.
Ex: In a way it can be seen as the prom committee due to how it's assisting in the process of prom.
Ex: In a way it can be seen as the prom committee due to how it's assisting in the process of prom.
CEA(Council of Economic Advisers)- Members who give advice to the president on economic policy and also prepare for the annual report.
Ex: The second hand of a business owner usually advise the business owner how to spend money due to the recent report of their economic status.
Ex: The second hand of a business owner usually advise the business owner how to spend money due to the recent report of their economic status.
Impeachment- It is a process by which elected officials are tried to see whether they would be removed from office or not.
Ex: Bill Clinton was impeached for not stating the truth about Monica Lewinsky.
Ex: Bill Clinton was impeached for not stating the truth about Monica Lewinsky.
Legislative Veto- It is a method where the Congress delegates authority to the executive branch while retraining oversight power. The House or the Senate may block a proposed executive order if it's unconstitutional.
Ex: The principal may eliminate an event if it goes after the curfew of students.
Ex: The principal may eliminate an event if it goes after the curfew of students.
NSC(National Security Council)- It is a committee in the legislative branch that advises the president on foreign, military, and national security.
Ex: The basketball coach advises the team captain how to defeat the opponent team.
Ex: The basketball coach advises the team captain how to defeat the opponent team.
OMB(Office of Management and budget)- It prepares the president's budget and advises presidents on various proposals from the departments. This is used in order to prepare proposed regulations.
Ex: When an organization sees that there is something that is "slipping off" the one in charge gets informed in order to find a resolution.
Ex: When an organization sees that there is something that is "slipping off" the one in charge gets informed in order to find a resolution.
Pocket Veto- It is a type of veto that occurs when the Congress is not present when the president lets the bill die by the time 10 days have passed.
Ex: I don't want my ice cream anymore and since my sister is nowhere to be found, i shall let the ice cream melt.
Ex: I don't want my ice cream anymore and since my sister is nowhere to be found, i shall let the ice cream melt.
Presidential Coattails-It occurs when the voters casts their ballots in favor of congressional candidates that is from the same party as the president, just because they like the president.
Ex: I will vote for a Democrat Senate just because Obama is a Democrat.
Ex: I will vote for a Democrat Senate just because Obama is a Democrat.
Veto-The power that the president obtains to send a bill back to the Congress with certain reasons for rejecting the bill.
Ex: When a new recipe still tastes awful, it's sent back to the kitchen in order to get fixed.
Ex: When a new recipe still tastes awful, it's sent back to the kitchen in order to get fixed.
War Powers Resolution- It was passed in 1973 due to the Vietnam War, it was decided that the President must consult with the Congress within 48 hours of declaring war.
Ex: I must consult with my mother a week before to inform her that I want to go out on a certain day with certain people.
Ex: I must consult with my mother a week before to inform her that I want to go out on a certain day with certain people.
Watergate-It was the scandal dealing with the break-in ate the Democratic National Committee in 1972. This resulted in a threat to Nixon of being impeached.
Ex: A student received the answers of a test which resulted in the questioning of suspension.
Ex: A student received the answers of a test which resulted in the questioning of suspension.
Chapter 15
12th Amendment- Requires separate and distinct ballots for the vice-president and the president.
Ex: Seniors have to vote their cap & gown color on one ballot and the prom theme in another.
Ex: Seniors have to vote their cap & gown color on one ballot and the prom theme in another.
20th Amendment- Basically it's changing the date that the new president takes office to January 20th.
Ex: Classes at ESAT practically finishes 10 minutes before school ends in order to allow the school to be more organized with the iPads.
Ex: Classes at ESAT practically finishes 10 minutes before school ends in order to allow the school to be more organized with the iPads.
Budget and Accounting Act (1921)- It created the budget message which resulted in Congress checking the budget and the President becoming the Budget Officer.
Ex: The treasurer is usually the one who is charge of the budget but if there was a problem, then the president is needed to have the power to get involved.
Ex: The treasurer is usually the one who is charge of the budget but if there was a problem, then the president is needed to have the power to get involved.
Clinton v. City of New York- This case ruled about whether as the president said the truth under the oath of his relationship with Monica Lewinsky.
Ex: If my best friend is suppose to tell me the truth but actually doesn't, then the trust can be questionable.
Ex: If my best friend is suppose to tell me the truth but actually doesn't, then the trust can be questionable.
Commander-in-chief- It is a formal power given to the president stating that he has the right to deploy troops.
Ex: The hall monitor is given the right to send anyone without a hall pass to the office.
Ex: The hall monitor is given the right to send anyone without a hall pass to the office.
Executive Agreement- It is when the president makes peace with foreign nation without the need of the Senate in any particular way.
Ex: If 2 children want to be friends once again, they don't need their mothers to approve the friendship.
Ex: If 2 children want to be friends once again, they don't need their mothers to approve the friendship.
Executive Privilege- It allows the president to to refuse to disclose information that regards with confidential conversations.
Ex: A therapist has the right to refuse to give out their patient's information.
Ex: A therapist has the right to refuse to give out their patient's information.
"Honeymoon Period"- It is the beginning of the presidential term that usually lasts 6 months, it is when the president enjoys the positive relations of the press and Congress.
Ex: When a couple barely gets married, they go off to enjoy the beginning of their marriage.
Ex: When a couple barely gets married, they go off to enjoy the beginning of their marriage.
Imperial Presidency- is a term used to describe the modern presidency of the United States
Ex: Today's Presidency of Barrack Obama
Ex: Today's Presidency of Barrack Obama
Lame Duck- is an elected official who is approaching the end of his or her tenure, especially one whose successor has already been elected.
Ex: George Bush was a lame duck in November of the year 2008 when Obama was elected to be president and everyone in the world was going crazy and singing the Chamillionaire song with Obama's name as a parody.
Ex: George Bush was a lame duck in November of the year 2008 when Obama was elected to be president and everyone in the world was going crazy and singing the Chamillionaire song with Obama's name as a parody.
Line Item Veto- is a special form of veto that authorizes a chief executive to reject particular provisions of a bill enacted by a legislature without vetoing the entire bill
The Line Item Veto Act of 1996 was held to be unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court in a 1998 ruling in Clinton v. City of New York
The Line Item Veto Act of 1996 was held to be unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court in a 1998 ruling in Clinton v. City of New York
Mandate Theory- The mandate theory of elections is the dictum that the majority voice is the voice of the people. Therefore, among two candidates one who wins the popular vote has the privilege to become the president/pm or whatever public office he/she is running for. It is the collective assent of the people to place him/her in a position of leadership.
Ex: Obama won the election twice in consecutive years because he supported the peoples mandate and stood as a representative of what he wanted.
Ex: Obama won the election twice in consecutive years because he supported the peoples mandate and stood as a representative of what he wanted.
United States v. Nixon (1974)- It resulted in a unanimous 8-0 ruling against President Nixon and was important to the late stages of the Watergate Scandal. It is considered a crucial precedent limiting the power of any US president.
It ended with Nixon resigning from the presidency 15 days after the courts ruling.
It ended with Nixon resigning from the presidency 15 days after the courts ruling.
Pardon- is the forgiveness of a crime and the cancellation of the relevant penalty; it is usually granted by a head of state (such as a monarch or president) or by acts of a parliament or a religious authority
Ex: Most recent example in the United States was President Ford's pardon of former President Nixon.
Ex: Most recent example in the United States was President Ford's pardon of former President Nixon.
Reprieve- is the postponement of punishment, often with a view to a pardon or other review of the sentence (such as when the reprieving authority has no power to grant an immediate pardon).
Ex: Let's say a criminal was convicted of a murder and was sentenced to death row and his execution date was in two weeks. However, his mother is dying and so the courts have a little bit of sympathy and decided to give him an extra week of life and then kill him.
Not an unusual punishment!
Ex: Let's say a criminal was convicted of a murder and was sentenced to death row and his execution date was in two weeks. However, his mother is dying and so the courts have a little bit of sympathy and decided to give him an extra week of life and then kill him.
Not an unusual punishment!
Chapter 15 Key Terms
Administrative Discretion- The authority of administrative actors to select among various responses to a given problem. Discretion is greatest when routines, or standard operating procedures, do not fit a case.
Ex: An act giving agencies the power to regulate and enforce how a law is gone about and implemented in the public sphere
Ex: An act giving agencies the power to regulate and enforce how a law is gone about and implemented in the public sphere
Bureaucracy-A for of organization that operates through impersonal, uniform rules and procedures.
Ex: department of natural resources, department of the interior, department of social services
Ex: department of natural resources, department of the interior, department of social services
Civil Service- A system of hiring and promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create a nonpartisan government service.
Command-And-Control Policy- The typical system of regulation whereby government tells business how to reach certain goals, checks that these commands are followed, and punishes offenders.
Ex: The EPA is in charge of preserving wildlife and is to fine anyone that harms a certain specie of bird that are almost nearly extinct.
Ex: The EPA is in charge of preserving wildlife and is to fine anyone that harms a certain specie of bird that are almost nearly extinct.
Deregulation- The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities.
Ex: During years of a democratic run government the amount of restrictions was lower than those of a republican government because of their different beliefs.
Ex: During years of a democratic run government the amount of restrictions was lower than those of a republican government because of their different beliefs.
Executive Orders- Regulations originating with the executive branch. Executive orders are one method the presidents can control the bureaucracy.
Ex: Executive Order 9066
Ex: Executive Order 9066
Government Corporation- A government organization that, like business corporations, provide a service that could be delivered by the private sector and typically charges for its services.
Ex: US Postal Service
Ex: US Postal Service
GS (General Schedule) rating- A schedule for federal employees, ranging from GS 1 to GS 18, by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience.
Ex: At the very top of the civil service are the "Cream of the Crop" federal employees (GS 16-18)
Ex: At the very top of the civil service are the "Cream of the Crop" federal employees (GS 16-18)
Hatch Act- A federal law prohibiting government employees from active participation in partisan politics while on duty or for employees in sensitive positions at any time.
Incentive System- An alternative to command-and-control, with market like strategies such as rewards used to manage public policy.
For example, policymakers in the United States used a quid pro quo incentive when some of the U.S. incumbent local telephone companies were allowed to enter long distance markets only if they first cooperated in opening their local markets to competition.
For example, policymakers in the United States used a quid pro quo incentive when some of the U.S. incumbent local telephone companies were allowed to enter long distance markets only if they first cooperated in opening their local markets to competition.
Independent Executive Agency- The government agencies not accounted for by cabinet departments, independent regulatory commissions, and government corporations. Administrators are typically appointed by the president and serve at the presidents pleasure.
Ex: NASA
Ex: NASA
Independent Regulatory Commission- A government agency with responsibility for making and enforcing rules to protect the public interest in some sector of the economy and for judging disputes over these rules.
Ex: FDA, EPA, FEC, Federal Reserve
Ex: FDA, EPA, FEC, Federal Reserve
Iron Triangle- Also known as sub governments, a mutually dependent, mutually advantageous relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees. They usually dominate areas of domestic policy making.
An example of such an iron triangle would be the American Association for Retired People (AARP), the House Subcommittee on Aging, and the Social Security Administration all working together to set government policy on Social Security.
An example of such an iron triangle would be the American Association for Retired People (AARP), the House Subcommittee on Aging, and the Social Security Administration all working together to set government policy on Social Security.
Merit Principle- The idea that hiring should be based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to produce administration by people with talent and skill.
Is used to get an administration with qualified people who have talent and the necessary means to complete the job.
Is used to get an administration with qualified people who have talent and the necessary means to complete the job.
Office of Personnel Management(OPM)- in charge of hiring for most federal agencies. They have elaborate rules about hiring, promotion, working conditions, and firing. For each position open at jobs, the OPM will send three names to the agency.
Ex: If I want a job in an agency, I have to go through the OPM first.
Ex: If I want a job in an agency, I have to go through the OPM first.
Patronage- one of the key inducements use by political machines. It is a job, promotion, or contract that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone.
Ex: I get a job because I donate money, not because I'm experienced; that's Patronage.
Ex: I get a job because I donate money, not because I'm experienced; that's Patronage.
Pendleton Civil Service Act- passed in 1883, it created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.
Ex: No longer can I have a job for simply donating money, now I actually have to be qualified.
Ex: No longer can I have a job for simply donating money, now I actually have to be qualified.
Policy implementation- the stage of policymaking between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people whom it affects. It involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing program.
Ex: The agencies are responsible for carrying out legislation and making sure it is being implemented.
Ex: The agencies are responsible for carrying out legislation and making sure it is being implemented.
Regulation- the use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector. Regulations pervade the daily lives of people and institution.
Ex: companies may be doing illegal stuff for profit, so the government regulates so this doesn't occur
Ex: companies may be doing illegal stuff for profit, so the government regulates so this doesn't occur
Senior Executive Service- an elite cadre of about 9,000 federal government managers, established by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, who are mostly career officials but include some political appointees who do not require Senate confirmation.
Ex:
Ex:
Standard Operating Procedures- better known as SOP's these procedures are used by bureaucrats to bring uniformity to complex organizations. Uniformity improves fairness and makes personnel interchangeable.
Ex: In an agency, everyone has to follow a set of procedures to be effective.
Ex: In an agency, everyone has to follow a set of procedures to be effective.
Street-level bureaucrat- phrase coined by Michael Lipsky, referring to those bureaucrats who are in constant contact with the public and have considerable administrative discretion.
Ex: such as social workers
Ex: such as social workers
Additional Key Terms
Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)- An agency of the federal government created in 1970 and charged with administering all the government's environmental legislation. It also administers policies dealing with toxic wastes. It is the largest federal independent regulatory agency.
Ex: So if Congress passes a law on environmental issues, EPA works on carrying it out?
Ex: So if Congress passes a law on environmental issues, EPA works on carrying it out?
Federal Communications Commission-An agency of the federal government with authority to develop regulations for the broadcast media.
Ex: this agency keeps companies from becoming too strong over one another
Ex: this agency keeps companies from becoming too strong over one another
Food and Drug Administration- a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services established to regulate the release of new foods and health-related products
Ex: If my company has created new Pop-Tarts, they first have to be checked by FDA.
Ex: If my company has created new Pop-Tarts, they first have to be checked by FDA.
Federal Reserve- the central bank of the United States. Incorporates 12 Federal Reserve branch banks and all national banks and state charted commercial banks and some trust companies.
Ex: addresses problems of banking panics,
Ex: addresses problems of banking panics,
Interstate Commerce Commission- The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was a regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887. The agency's original purpose was to regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers, including interstate bus lines and telephone companies.
Ex: Worked in favor of farmers who had to send their products on railroads.
Ex: Worked in favor of farmers who had to send their products on railroads.
Implementation- The process of putting a law into practice through bureaucratic rules or spending.
Ex: Agencies such as the EPA, has to carry out laws with regard to the environment.
Ex: Agencies such as the EPA, has to carry out laws with regard to the environment.
Issue Networks- Relationships among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and the government agencies that share a common policy concern.
Ex: So if I am part of an interest group that is concerned with the environment, I would work closely with the EPA and with committees that also deal with my concern.
Ex: So if I am part of an interest group that is concerned with the environment, I would work closely with the EPA and with committees that also deal with my concern.
Munn v. Illinois (1876)- court decided that states had the right to regulate commerce within their states (particularly railroad and grain elevator companies), but this decision was largely overturned 10 years later by the Wabash case.
Ex: Which is why Montana thinks it can give kids guns, since it's staying in the state.
Ex: Which is why Montana thinks it can give kids guns, since it's staying in the state.
NASA- is an independent executive agency which is specific to Aeronautics and Space travel.
Ex: Part of executive branch but not a department.
Ex: Part of executive branch but not a department.
US Postal Service- government corporation; an independent federal agency that provides mail processing and delivery service for individuals and businesses in the United States
Ex: Does what private companies do but is run by the federal government!
Ex: Does what private companies do but is run by the federal government!
Title IX of Education Act of 1972-prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity.
Ex: UCLA has to provide an equal amount of money coming from the state to both male and female sports.
Ex: UCLA has to provide an equal amount of money coming from the state to both male and female sports.
Whistleblower- people who work for the government and report agency misconducts!
Ex: If NASA is doing some corrupt stuff, as a Whistleblower I am going to expose them.
Ex: If NASA is doing some corrupt stuff, as a Whistleblower I am going to expose them.
Red tape- the symbol for the hoops you have to jump through, the paperwork you have to fill out, and the things you have to do in order to get help from or business done with the federal bureaucracy.
Ex: Representatives pass this red tape when doing casework.
Ex: Representatives pass this red tape when doing casework.